Psychologist Diagnosis of Born Again Christianity

Person who conducts scientific research

Scientist

Wilhelm Röntgen received the kickoff Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of X-rays.
Occupation
Names	Scientist
Occupation type	Profession
Activity sectors	Laboratory, field research
Description
Competencies	Scientific research
Education required	Science
Fields of employment	Academia, industry, government, nonprofit
Related jobs	Engineers

A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to accelerate knowledge in an surface area of interest.^{[one] [ii]}

In classical artifact, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy, a precursor of natural science.^[3] Though Thales (circa 624-545 BC) was arguably the first scientist for describing how cosmic events may exist seen every bit natural, not necessarily caused by gods,^{[4] [5] [six] [seven] [viii] [ix]} it was non until the 19th century that the term scientist came into regular employ subsequently it was coined past the theologian, philosopher, and historian of science William Whewell in 1833.^{[x] [11]}

In modern times, many scientists have avant-garde degrees^[12] in an area of scientific discipline and pursue careers in diverse sectors of the economy such equally academia, industry, authorities, and nonprofit environments.^{[13] [14] [fifteen]}

History [edit]

"No i in the history of civilization has shaped our agreement of science and natural philosophy more the great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BC), who exerted a profound and pervasive influence for more than two g years" —Gary B. Ferngren^[xvi]

Francesco Redi, referred to as the "father of modern parasitology", is the founder of experimental biological science.

Physicist Albert Einstein developed the full general theory of relativity and made many substantial contributions to physics.

Physicist Enrico Fermi is credited with the creation of the world's outset atomic flop and nuclear reactor.

Atomic physicist Niels Bohr made fundamental contributions to agreement diminutive structure and quantum theory.

Marine Biologist Rachel Carson launched the 20th century environmental movement.

The roles of "scientists", and their predecessors before the emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over fourth dimension. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) accept had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over fourth dimension too. Accordingly, many dissimilar historical figures tin can be identified as early scientists, depending on which characteristics of modern scientific discipline are taken to be essential.

Some historians betoken to the Scientific Revolution that began in 16th century every bit the menstruum when science in a recognizably modern form adult. It wasn't until the 19th century that sufficient socioeconomic changes had occurred for scientists to emerge equally a major profession.^[17]

Classical antiquity [edit]

Knowledge about nature in classical artifact was pursued by many kinds of scholars. Greek contributions to scientific discipline—including works of geometry and mathematical astronomy, early accounts of biological processes and catalogs of plants and animals, and theories of knowledge and learning—were produced by philosophers and physicians, as well as practitioners of various trades. These roles, and their associations with scientific knowledge, spread with the Roman Empire and, with the spread of Christianity, became closely linked to religious institutions in virtually of European countries. Astrology and astronomy became an important expanse of cognition, and the role of astronomer/astrologer developed with the back up of political and religious patronage. Past the time of the medieval university organization, knowledge was divided into the trivium—philosophy, including natural philosophy—and the quadrivium—mathematics, including astronomy. Hence, the medieval analogs of scientists were frequently either philosophers or mathematicians. Noesis of plants and animals was broadly the province of physicians.

Middle Ages [edit]

Science in medieval Islam generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the premises of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician. Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Aureate Age are considered polymaths, in office because of the lack of anything respective to mod scientific disciplines. Many of these early polymaths were also religious priests and theologians: for case, Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the botanist Otto Brunfels was a theologian and historian of Protestantism; the astronomer and md Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest. During the Italian Renaissance scientists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo Galilei and Gerolamo Cardano have been considered as the most recognizable polymaths.

Renaissance [edit]

During the Renaissance, Italians made substantial contributions in science. Leonardo da Vinci made significant discoveries in paleontology and beefcake. The Father of modernistic Science,^{[18] [nineteen]} Galileo Galilei, fabricated key improvements on the thermometer and telescope which allowed him to observe and clearly describe the solar system. Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry simply formulated a theory of mechanics^[20] and advanced ideas about the origins of fauna movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Immature and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (at the same time equally Leibniz). He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics — infinite, periodic series — studied heat flow and infrared radiations, and discovered the greenhouse result. Girolamo Cardano, Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat, Von Neumann, Turing, Khinchin, Markov and Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory, including the ideas backside computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and breakthrough mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo, were also musicians.

There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such every bit the development of ideas about the circulation of claret from Galen to Harvey. Some scholars and historians attributes Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution.^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

Age of Enlightenment [edit]

During the age of Enlightenment, Luigi Galvani, the pioneer of the bioelectromagnetics, discovered the animal electricity. He discovered that a charge applied to the spinal cord of a frog could generate muscular spasms throughout its body. Charges could make frog legs leap fifty-fifty if the legs were no longer attached to a frog. While cutting a frog leg, Galvani's steel scalpel touched a brass hook that was holding the leg in identify. The leg twitched. Further experiments confirmed this upshot, and Galvani was convinced that he was seeing the effects of what he chosen animate being electricity, the life forcefulness within the muscles of the frog. At the University of Pavia, Galvani's colleague Alessandro Volta was able to reproduce the results, simply was sceptical of Galvani's explanation.^[26]

Lazzaro Spallanzani is 1 of the most influential figures in experimental physiology and the natural sciences. His investigations have exerted a lasting influence on the medical sciences. He made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions and fauna reproduction.^[27]

Francesco Redi discovered that microorganisms can cause disease.

19th century [edit]

Until the late 19th or early 20th century, scientists were still referred to every bit "natural philosophers" or "men of science".^{[28] [29] [30] [31]}

English language philosopher and historian of science William Whewell coined the term scientist in 1833, and it first appeared in print in Whewell'due south anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences published in the Quarterly Review.^[32] Whewell wrote of "an increasing proclivity of separation and dismemberment" in the sciences; while highly specific terms proliferated—pharmacist, mathematician, naturalist—the broad term "philosopher" was no longer satisfactory to grouping together those who pursued science, without the caveats of "natural" or "experimental" philosopher. Whewell compared these increasing divisions with Somerville'south aim of "[rendering] a nigh important service to science" "past showing how detached branches take, in the history of science, united by the discovery of general principles."^[33] Whewell reported in his review that members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science had been complaining at recent meetings nigh the lack of a good term for "students of the knowledge of the material world collectively." Alluding to himself, he noted that "some ingenious gentleman proposed that, past analogy with artist, they might form [the word] scientist, and added that in that location could be no scruple in making free with this term since we already have such words as economist, and atheist—merely this was not generally palatable".^[34]

Whewell proposed the word again more than seriously (and not anonymously) in his 1840^[35] The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences:

The terminations ize (rather than ise), ism, and ist, are applied to words of all origins: thus we have to pulverize, to colonize, Witticism, Heathenism, Journalist, Tobacconist. Hence we may brand such words when they are wanted. As we cannot utilise physician for a cultivator of physics, I accept called him a Physicist. We need very much a name to describe a cultivator of scientific discipline in general. I should incline to phone call him a Scientist. Thus we might say, that as an Artist is a Musician, Painter, or Poet, a Scientist is a Mathematician, Physicist, or Naturalist.

He besides proposed the term physicist at the same time, as a counterpart to the French give-and-take physicien. Neither term gained wide acceptance until decades later; scientist became a common term in the late 19th century in the United States and around the plough of the 20th century in Great U.k..^{[32] [36] [37]} Past the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, skillful by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was substantially in place.

20th century [edit]

Marie Curie became the first female to win the Nobel Prize and the first person to win it twice. Her efforts led to the development of nuclear energy and Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In 1922, she was appointed a member of the International Commission on Intellectual Co-operation by the Quango of the League of Nations. She campaigned for scientist'southward right to patent their discoveries and inventions. She as well campaigned for costless admission to international scientific literature and for internationally recognized scientific symbols.

Profession [edit]

As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized^{[ citation needed ]}. However, there is no formal process to make up one's mind who is a scientist and who is not a scientist. Anyone tin can be a scientist in some sense. Some professions have legal requirements for their practice (e.thousand. licensure) and some scientists are independent scientists pregnant that they practice science on their own, merely to practice science there are no known licensure requirements.^[38]

Education [edit]

In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting (due east.grand., universities and research institutes), generally at the level of graduate schools. Upon completion, they would unremarkably attain an academic degree, with the highest degree existence a doctorate such as a Physician of Philosophy (PhD).^[12] Although graduate education for scientists varies among institutions and countries, some common training requirements include specializing in an area of involvement,^[39] publishing research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals^[xl] and presenting them at scientific conferences,^[41] giving lectures or teaching,^[41] and defending a thesis (or dissertation) during an oral examination.^[12] To aid them in this endeavor, graduate students oft work under the guidance of a mentor, commonly a senior scientist, which may continue after the completion of their doctorates whereby they piece of work as postdoctoral researchers.^[42]

Career [edit]

After the completion of their training, many scientists pursue careers in a variety of work settings and weather.^[13] In 2017, the British scientific journal Nature published the results of a big-calibration survey of more than 5,700 doctoral students worldwide, asking them which sectors of the economy they would like to work in. A little over half of the respondents wanted to pursue a career in academia, with smaller proportions hoping to piece of work in manufacture, government, and nonprofit environments.^{[xiv] [15]}

Scientists are motivated to work in several ways. Many have a desire to understand why the world is as we encounter information technology and how information technology came to exist. They exhibit a strong curiosity nigh reality. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award,^[43] is awarded annually to those who take achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and economics.

Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's wellness, the nations, the world, nature, or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist). Scientists tend to exist less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers. As a upshot, scientific researchers often accept lower average salaries when compared with many other professions which require a similar amount of preparation and qualification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Research interests [edit]

Scientists include experimentalists who mainly perform experiments to test hypotheses, and theoreticians who mainly develop models to explain existing data and predict new results. There is a continuum between 2 activities and the division between them is not clear-cut, with many scientists performing both tasks.

Those because science equally a career oft look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biological science, especially molecular biological science and the human being genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of affair at the calibration of simple particles as described by high-free energy physics, and materials scientific discipline, which seeks to detect and pattern new materials. Although there take been remarkable discoveries with regard to brain office and neurotransmitters, the nature of the mind and homo thought still remains unknown.

By specialization [edit]

Natural science [edit]

Physical science [edit]

Chemist Agrochemist Belittling pharmacist Astrochemist Atmospheric chemist Biophysical chemist Clinical chemist Computational chemist Electrochemist Femtochemist Geochemist Green pharmacist Inorganic chemist Medicinal chemist Nuclear chemist Organic chemist Organometallic chemist Pharmacologist Physical chemist Quantum chemist Solid-state chemist Stereochemist Structural pharmacist Supramolecular chemist Theoretical chemist Thermochemist

Globe scientist Astrogeologist Biogeochemist Climatologist Dendroarchaeologist Dendrologist Edaphologist Gemologist Geoarchaeologist Geobiologist Geographer Geologist Geomicrobiologist Geomorphologist Geophysicist Glaciologist Hydrogeologist Hydrologist Hydrometeorologist Limnologist Meteorologist Mineralogist Oceanographer Paleoclimatologist Paleoecologist Paleogeologist Paleoseismologist Palynologist Petrologist Sedimentologist Seismologist Speleologist Volcanologist

Physicist Agrophysicist Astrophysicist Atmospheric physicist Atomic physicist Biological physicist Chemic physicist Computational physicist Cosmologist Condensed-affair physicist Engineering physicist Material physicist Molecular physicist Nuclear physicist Particle physicist Plasma physicist Polymer physicist Psychophysicist Quantum physicist Theoretical physicist

Astronomer Planetary scientific discipline Infinite science Cosmology

Life scientific discipline [edit]

Biologist Acarologist Aerobiologist Anatomist Arachnologist Bacteriologist Bioclimatologist Bioinformatician Biotechnologist Bioarcheologist Biochemist Biolinguist Biophysicist Biostatistician Botanist Cell biologist Chronobiologist Cerebral biologist Computational biologist

Conservation biologist Dendrochronologist Developmental biologist Ecologist Electrophysiologist Embryologist Endocrinologist Entomologist Epidemiologist Ethologist Evolutionary biologist Geneticist Hematologist Herbchronologist Herpetologist Histologist Human being behavioral ecologist Human biologist

Ichnologist Ichthyologist Immunologist Integrative biologist Lepidopterist Mammalogist Marine biologist Medical biologist Microbiologist Molecular biologist Mycologist Neuroendocrinologist Neuroscientist Ornithologist Osteologist Paleoanthropologist Paleobotanist Paleobiologist Paleontologist Paleopathologist

Parasitologist Pathologist Physiologist Phytopathologist Population biologist Primatologist Breakthrough biologist Radiobiologist Sclerochronologist Sociobiologist Structural biologist Theoretical biologist Toxicologist Virologist Wildlife biologist Zoologist

[edit]

Anthropologist Archaeologist Biological anthropologist Cultural anthropologist Communication scientist Criminologist Demographer Economist Linguist Direction scientist Political economist Political scientist

Psychologist Abnormal psychologist Behavioral psychologist Biopsychologist Clinical psychologist Cognitive psychologist Comparative psychologist Developmental psychologist Educational psychologist Evolutionary psychologist Experimental psychologist Forensic psychologist Wellness psychologist Industrial and organizational psychologist Medical psychologist Neuropsychologist Psychopharmacologist Psychophysicist Social psychologist Sport psychologist Sociologist

Formal science [edit]

• Computer scientist
  • Computational scientist
  • Data scientist
• Mathematician^[35]
  • Algebraist
  • Analyst
  • Geometer
  • Logician
  • Probabilist
  • Statistician
  • Topologist
• Systems scientist

Practical [edit]

• Agriculturist
• Applied physics
  • Health physicist
  • Medical physicist
• Biomedical scientist
• Engineering scientist
• Environmental scientist
• Food scientist
• Kinesiologist
• Military scientist
• Nutritionist
• Operations research and management analysts
• Dr. scientist

Interdisciplinary [edit]

• Materials scientist
• Mathematical biologist
• Mathematical chemist
• Mathematical economist
• Mathematical physicist
• Mathematical sociologist

By employer [edit]

• Academic
• Contained scientist
• Industrial/applied scientist
• Citizen scientist
• Government scientist

Demography [edit]

By country [edit]

The number of scientists is vastly unlike from state to state. For instance, there are only four full-time scientists per ten,000 workers in Bharat, while this number is 79 for the United Kingdom, and 85 for the United States.^[44]

Scientists per x,000 workers for selected countries^[44]

Nigeria: one Indonesia: 1 Malaysia: 2 Thailand: 2 Bangladesh: 2 Islamic republic of pakistan: 3

Bharat: four Kenya: 6 Chile: 7 Brazil: xiv Egypt: xiv

United Arab Emirates: 15 Saudi Arabia: 15 China: 18 Southward Africa: xx New Zealand: 35

Spain: 54 Russian federation: 58 France: 68 Australia: 69 Germany: lxx Italy: 70

Canada: 73 United Kingdom: 79 Japan: 83 Usa: 85 Israel: 140

United states [edit]

According to the National Science Foundation, 4.7 million people with science degrees worked in the United States in 2015, across all disciplines and employment sectors. The effigy included twice every bit many men as women. Of that full, 17% worked in academia, that is, at universities and undergraduate institutions, and men held 53% of those positions. 5% of scientists worked for the federal government, and virtually 3.5% were self-employed. Of the latter ii groups, ii-thirds were men. 59% of scientists in the United States were employed in manufacture or business, and some other 6% worked in non-turn a profit positions.^[45]

By gender [edit]

Scientist and engineering statistics are usually intertwined, but they indicate that women enter the field far less than men, though this gap is narrowing. The number of science and engineering doctorates awarded to women rose from a mere vii percent in 1970 to 34 percent in 1985 and in engineering lonely the numbers of available'south degrees awarded to women rose from only 385 in 1975 to more than than 11000 in 1985.^{[46] [ description needed ]}

Meet also [edit]

• Engineers
• Inventor
• Researcher
• Fields Medal
• Hippocratic Adjuration for Scientists
• History of science
• Intellectual
• Independent scientist
• Licensure
• Mad scientist
• Natural science
• Nobel Prize
• Protoscience
• Normative science
• Pseudoscience
• Scholar
• Science
• Social science

Related lists

• Listing of engineers
• List of mathematicians
• List of Nobel laureates in Physics
• List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
• Listing of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
• List of Russian scientists
• Listing of Roman Cosmic cleric-scientists

References [edit]

1. ^ "Eusocial climbers" (PDF). E.O. Wilson Foundation. Retrieved 3 September 2018. Merely he's not a scientist, he'southward never washed scientific inquiry. My definition of a scientist is that you can consummate the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says.
2. ^ "Our definition of a scientist". Science Council. Retrieved seven September 2018. A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share agreement and knowledge.
3. ^ Lehoux, Daryn (2011). "2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago, UsA. Printing. p. 39. ISBN978-0226317830.
4. ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics Alpha, 983b18.
5. ^ Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Thales". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. p. 1016.
6. ^ Michael Fowler, Early on Greek Science: Thales to Plato, University of Virginia [Retrieved 2016-06-16]
7. ^ Frank N. Magill, The Ancient Earth: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Routledge, 2003 ISBN 1135457395
8. ^ Vocalizer, C. (2008). A Short History of Science to the 19th century. Streeter Press. p. 35.
9. ^ Needham, C. W. (1978). Cognitive Logic: Solving the Trouble of Listen and Brain. Loose Leaf. p. 75. ISBN978-0-398-03754-3.
10. ^ Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Scientific discipline. Chicago, Illinois: Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-08928-ii.
11. ^ Lightman, Bernard (2011). "Science and the Public". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 367. ISBN978-0226317830.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Cyranoski, David; Gilbert, Natasha; Ledford, Heidi; Nayar, Anjali; Yahia, Mohammed (2011). "Education: The PhD mill". Nature. 472 (7343): 276–279. Bibcode:2011Natur.472..276C. doi:10.1038/472276a. PMID 21512548.
13. ^ ^{a b} Kwok, Roberta (2017). "Flexible working: Science in the gig economy". Nature. 550: 419–421. doi:10.1038/nj7677-549a.
14. ^ ^{a b} Woolston, Chris (2007). Editorial (ed.). "Many inferior scientists need to have a hard look at their task prospects". Nature. 550: 549–552. doi:ten.1038/nj7677-549a.
15. ^ ^{a b} Lee, Adrian; Dennis, Carina; Campbell, Phillip (2007). "Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship". Nature. 550 (7677): 549–552. doi:x.1038/nj7677-549a.
16. ^ Gary B. Ferngren (2002). "Science and religion: a historical introduction Archived 2015-03-sixteen at the Wayback Machine". JHU Press. p.33. ISBN 0-8018-7038-0
17. ^ On the historical development of the grapheme of scientists and the predecessors, see: Steven Shapin (2008). The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-75024-8
18. ^ Einstein (1954, p. 271). "Propositions arrived at by purely logical ways are completely empty equally regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly considering he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the male parent of modern physics—indeed, of mod scientific discipline altogether."
19. ^ Stephen Hawking, Galileo and the Birth of Modern Scientific discipline Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Motorcar, American Heritage'due south Invention & Technology, Bound 2009, Vol. 24, No. one, p. 36
20. ^ Peter Damerow (2004). "Introduction". Exploring the Limits of Preclassical Mechanics: A Study of Conceptual Development in Early Modern Science: Gratis Fall and Compounded Move in the Work of Descartes, Galileo and Beeckman. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6.
21. ^ Harrison, Peter (8 May 2012). "Christianity and the rise of western science". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 August 2014.
22. ^ Noll, Mark, Science, Organized religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Scientific discipline and Theology" (PDF), The Biologos Foundation, p. 4, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2015, retrieved xiv January 2015
23. ^ Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986), "Introduction", God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, Berkeley and Los Angeles: Academy of California Press, pp. 5, 12, ISBN978-0-520-05538-4
24. ^ Gilley, Sheridan (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, Earth Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN0-521-81456-1.
25. ^ Lindberg, David. (1992) The Beginnings of Western Scientific discipline Academy of Chicago Press. p. 204.
26. ^ Robert Routledge (1881). A popular history of science (2d ed.). G. Routledge and Sons. p. 553. ISBN0-415-38381-one.
27. ^ "Spallanzani - Uomo e scienziato" (in Italian). Il museo di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-06-07 .
28. ^ Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-01-fifteen . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
29. ^ Friedrich Ueberweg, History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Nowadays Time. C. Scribner's sons five.ane, 1887
30. ^ Steve Fuller, Kuhn VS. Popper: The Struggle For The Soul Of Science. Columbia University Printing 2004. Page 43. ISBN 0-231-13428-ii
31. ^ Science by American Association for the Advocacy of Science, 1917. v.45 1917 Jan-Jun. Page 274 Archived 2017-03-02 at the Wayback Automobile.
32. ^ ^{a b} Ross, Sydney (1962). "Scientist: The story of a word". Annals of Science. 18 (2): 65–85. doi:x.1080/00033796200202722. To be exact, the person coined the term scientist was referred to in Whewell 1834 only as "some ingenious admirer." Ross added a comment that this "some ingenious gentleman" was Whewell himself, without giving the reason for the identification. Ross 1962, p.72.
33. ^ Whewell, William (March & June 1834). Murray, John (ed.). "On the Connexion of the Concrete Sciences Past Mrs. Sommerville". The Quarterly Review. LI: 54–68.
34. ^ Holmes, R (2008). The age of wonder: How the romantic generation discovered the beauty and terror of science. London: Harper Press. p. 449. ISBN978-0-00-714953-vii.
35. ^ ^{a b} Whewell, William. The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences Book ane. Cambridge. p. cxiii. or Whewell, William (1847). The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded Upon Their History, Vol. two. New York, Johnson Reprint Corp. p. 560. . In the 1847 2nd edition, moved to volume 2 page 560.
36. ^ "William Whewell (1794-1866) gentleman of scientific discipline". Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-05-19 .
37. ^ Tamara Preaud, Derek East. Ostergard, The Sèvres Porcelain Manufacturing plant. Yale University Press 1997. 416 pages. ISBN 0-300-07338-0 Folio 36.
38. ^ "Everyone is a Scientist – Scientific Scribbles".
39. ^ "STEM education: To build a scientist". Nature. 523 (7560): 371–373. 2015. doi:10.1038/nj7560-371a.
40. ^ Gould, Julie (2016). "What's the point of the PhD thesis?". Nature. 535 (7610): 26–28. Bibcode:2016Natur.535...26G. doi:ten.1038/535026a. PMID 27383968.
41. ^ ^{a b} Kruger, Philipp (2018). "Why it is not a 'failure' to leave academia". Nature. 560 (7716): 133–134. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..133K. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05838-y. PMID 30065341.
42. ^ Lee, Adrian; Dennis, Carina; Campbell, Phillip (2007). "Nature's guide for mentors". Nature. 447 (7146): 791–797. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..791L. doi:10.1038/447791a. PMID 17568738.
43. ^ Stockton, Nick (7 October 2014), "How did the Nobel Prize go the biggest award on World?", Wired , retrieved 3 September 2018
44. ^ ^{a b} van Noorden, Richard (2015). "Bharat past the numbers". Nature. 521 (7551): 142–143. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..142V. doi:ten.1038/521142a. PMID 25971491.
45. ^ "Employment: Male majority". Nature. 542 (7642): 509. 2017-02-22. doi:ten.1038/nj7642-509b.
46. ^ Margaret A. Eisenhart, Elizabeth Finkel (1998). Women'southward Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins. University of Chicago Press. p. xviii.

External articles [edit]

Further reading

• Alison Gopnik, "Finding Our Inner Scientist", Daedalus, Winter 2004.
• Charles George Herbermann, The Cosmic Encyclopedia. Science and the Church. The Encyclopedia printing, 1913. v.13. Folio 598.
• Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962.
• Arthur Jack Meadows. The Victorian Scientist: The Growth of a Profession, 2004. ISBN 0-7123-0894-half dozen.
• Science, The Relation of Pure Science to Industrial Research. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Folio 511 onwards.

Websites

• For best results, add a trivial inspiration - The Telegraph about What Inspired You?, a survey of key thinkers in science, technology and medicine
• Peer Review Journal Science on amateur scientists
• The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847) - Complete Text

Sound-Visual

• "The Scientist", BBC Radio 4 word with John Gribbin, Patricia Fara and Hugh Pennington (In Our Time, October. 24, 2002)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist